An Introduction to Ballistics

The "gun handling" part of the Modern Technique's triad of marksmanship, mindset, and gun handling includes not only knowing how to operate and maintain your firearms safely and efficiently but also knowledge of just how all parts of the "system" work. While a shottist doesn't need to have a degree in the subject, knowing what goes on when you press the trigger contributes to better performance on your part. This page and its related pages, while not a complete course on the subject, are designed to present a good basic foundation in the subject, generate some questions, and thus hopefully improve your shooting. If you find them useful or informative please drop me a line by clicking here and let me know.

NOTE:  I previously used some special characters from the Wingdings and Symbols font sets.  However, most standards compliant browsers no longer support these fonts.  I have attempted to remove them and replace them with the appropriate text.  If you find an odd character in the text (most likely the letter "U" (formerly a small triangle), or an odd ± where it shouldn't be, or any other odd character please email me by clicking here and let me know the page and location on the page.

If you are a new reader, I suggest you read this entire page first before continuing.

If you are a repeat visitor you can click here to jump to the menu.  

The science of projectiles in motion is called "ballistics," and the science of ballistics as related to firearms is really divided into three separate but inter-related fields:

Internal Ballistics - The study of what happens inside of the firearm.

External Ballistics - The study of what happens during the bullet's flight.

Terminal Ballistics - The study of what happens when the projectile strikes the target.

Before we start, a brief (but informative) commercial....
(or click here to jump to the menu--but the info below will be of great interest too)

Ballistics Software
There are lots of "ballistics" programs on the market ranging from outright junk to fairly decent and with prices ranging from free to $150 or more.  With a few notable exceptions you pretty much get what you pay for.   The "gold standard" for a long time has been Gun Controller, from RSI, and its successor Shooting Lab

Jim Ristow at RSI has just released Shooting Lab 4 and it is available for a 30 day free evaluation download.   This successor to his famous and highly acclaimed Shooting Lab 3.6 software, it is available for Windows 98SE/2000/ ME/XP/Vista).

Shooting Lab is a very powerful and full featured package. It uses modern drag function modeling techniques developed by the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory in Aberdeen, MD, instead of the 100 year old Ingalls/Mayevski formula that do not accurately describe the characteristics of modern pointed bullets. (See a discussion of this later on in these pages.) As would be expected it allows you to do trajectory analysis, including the effects of shooting at uphill or downhill angles and the effect of canting the rifle (using the proper rotation around the line of sight and not around the center of the bore).

No other commercial shooting software has comparable exterior ballistics modeling capabilities... and exterior ballistics is less than 10% of the program!

In addition, if you reload, it will help analyze components and keep you organized. If you hunt, it will help select calibers, ammo and set gun sights. If you compete, it will help analyze and improve your shooting.  It's target analysis function is especially nifty.  After calibrating your computer's monitor you can simply place your target on the monitor and using a sizeable bullet hole cursor through the holes in the target analyze group size and other relevant data.

Information only needs to be entered one time to be accessed throughout the program with a simple mouse click. And, it's design is flexible, so you can customize the program for your own personal shooting needs.

Locations within the Shooting Lab program can be opened from a navigation palette, menu or keyboard commands. Data is linked between the various segments to reduce entry effort and allow quick retrieval via customizable pop-up menus. There are also general utilities that may be accessed from a "Main Lab Menu" anywhere in the program.

For detailed information on ShootingLab 4 see  http://www.shootingsoftware.com/ballistics.htm . While you can download a 30 day evaluation copy for Windows (6 MB)  from:  http://www.shootingsoftware.com/ftp.htm as well as the complete documentation I suggest that you simply order a live copy and start using it.  

Registered users of 3.6 for Windows can upgrade free by going to  http://www.shootingsoftware.com/wdugufm/contact.php .  This upgrade will not work on demo versions.

As with any full featured piece of software there is a learning curve, but it is not difficult, and the effort is well worth it in my opinion.  The licensed version of this package is priced at $99.95 plus shipping or as low as $59.95 if you buy a CED Millennium Chronograph or PressureTrace at the same time.  I served as a beta tester and consultant for this version and it is VERY VERY good.  Shooting Lab replaced all of my other ballistics and shooting related software some time ago, with the exception of some custom stuff  that I wrote myself for special purposes.  If you are serious about shooting and investigating ballistics this is the package you want.  Jim is very conscientious about fixing any bugs that are reported, and upgrades are free.  The current version is 4.4.1 - 2009-11-20.

While you can buy it from several on-line sources, if you buy it directly from RSI (http://www.shootingsoftware.com) you are guaranteed the latest version right off the bat.  Tell Jim I sent you.  (No, I don't get any kick backs.)

This one gets (5 Flippers) from Fr. Frog! 

Chronographs
The best chronograph on the market in in my opinion has been the CED Millennium and now its new version, the CED Millennium 2, carries on that status.  It is a  very accurate and consistent unit that far surpass other consumer chronographs.  It sells for $199.00.  It is extremely accurate and stable, and can be fitted with infra-red sensors which will "see" bullets under conditions (including total darkness) that would fail on other chronographs.  It has a large, easy to read display, non volatile memory (saves all data even when you shut it off or the battery is removed so you can take the unit home and still have the data), and it interfaces with Shooting Lab on your PC or laptop via a USB cable so you can accurately develop ballistics tables. While the CED is available from several sources, if you order it from RSI you will always get the latest model along with the USB computer cable and some extras. The CED Millenium is used by US Secret Service, Canadian Special Ops units, USMC, California Bureau of Prisons, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, ATK, and many others.  It is also the official chronograph of IPSC/USPSA.

The IR Upgrade kit includes replacement side leg supports, diffusers and a power converter for 110/230 v. AC. An NiMH battery pack with 8 hour rating and charger is available for total portability, but many users simply utilize a "gel-cell" 12 v battery commonly used on off-road vehicles. The IR sensors look nearly the same as the standard screens. Two of the four side supports have wire leads, contacts and power jacks molded into the plastic. The replacement diffusers have a row of IR emitters that shine downward and two LED's indicating battery condition or power status.  Using the IR option the Millennium will work under any lighting condition, and I've chrongraphed in complete darkness to test them and every shot was properly recorded..  Unlike "visible" light systems, the IR illumination emitted from the new CED IR option is not visible to the human eye so it will not alter your sight picture when shooting indoors

Any camera tripod will work with the Millennium.  However;  inexpensive tripods with plastic heads wobble from big bore muzzle blast which can contribute to errors. Use a quality tripod with a metal head, an elevation crank and quick detachable camera block. The Velabon model 450 or 550 is such a tripod and should be available at most good camera shops for about $75. You may also find a good new and used and sturdy tripod for as little as $30 if you hunt around. Users of any brand chronograph (including CED) can click here for some tips and tricks and information on solutions for various chronographing problems.

With the included PC USB cable and CEDM Data Collector Utility you can download velocities directly to your personal computer. Simply plug the chronograph directly into a USB port, turn the Millennium on, click the Data Collector's download button, then the "PR/PC" key on the Millennium. In a few seconds the velocities stored in the Millennium's memory have been downloaded so you can store, print or edit the information or import it into ShootingLab 

By the way, while they really don't have to do it,  RSI will provide full support for CED units purchased from other sources, including support for the serial and USB computer interface ports, and if you buy it from RSI you are assured of the latest version with all accessories.

If you do a little careful research on performance and features you will find that the CED Millennium chronographs are by far the best units out there.  But you may have to search hard as there is little real information on most other manufacturer's sites.  This chronograph gets (5 Flippers) from Fr. Frog!   

A Note About the Oehler 35/35P

There are some folks out there who are seriously and maybe even obsessively hung up on the Oehler 35/35P chronographs (the 35P had a printer) even to the point of recommending that people should find and buy old 35s rather than newer units  Before Oehler dropped it, the 35 series was a good chronograph in its day, but it is old technology and has been superceded by modern electronics in accuracy, stability, easier to use features including a large easy to read display, and functionality.

The CED Millenium II runs a 48 MHz chipset, not a 4.0 MHz. like the Oehler, which also used a lot of analog technology.  Oehler's "proof screen" was more of a marketing ploy than a necessity as all it does is measure the velocity twice and cries "tilt if there is a specified discrepancy between the two.  Bad shots are easily detected without the "proof screen." 

Modern sensor technology used on the CED is way ahead of the original Oehler screens both in sensitivity, reading area and freedom from interference and they will work in a wider variation of lighting conditions than any other brand.  In fact Oehler apparently modified their screen mechanical design to effectively duplicate the CED design for better field of view and lighting error handling.  The CED also offers an optional battery powered true IR head set that works in complete darkness or conditions previously impossible to shoot under..

CED is now the official chronograph for all sanctioned handgun competitions from IPSC to SSAS.  It has replaced the 35 due to it's ability to get consistent readings despite changing lighting conditions, especially when equipped with the IR head option. 

With today's technology the 35P with its printer is even more of an anachronism since the use of non-volatile memory allows you to save the data from 500 strings (2000 shots)  and to then download the data to your PC, to ShootingLab software, or to print it at home without the bother of lugging obsolete, battery sucking  printer technology.

From a historical perspective Ken Oehler's 35 was the premier product of its day and deserved support but there is a time when one must recognize technology marches on and a product becomes obsolete. No longer in being in production might be a starting clue. Some still love the Studebaker as well but the appreciation should be historical. The Studebaker was a phenomenal car with pioneering technology but is no longer being made. Should one recommend a Studebaker over all other cars today?

If you own  a 35, and it is working for you, and you don't need the features of a newer chronograph, run it until it quits. I would however, never suggest someone without a chronograph hunt for an old used 35. That's just over the top and analogous to telling someone to hunt for a Studebaker as their only car.

Pressure Measurement
RSI also sells a tool for pressure measurement.  Called PressureTrace II ^TM it will allow you to capture the changes to pressure inside your rifle chamber in real time and display a pressure curve in psi on your computer after each shot via a BlueTooth wireless connection and software.  (If your PC/laptop doesn't have a built in Bluetooth and inexpensive BlueTooth adapter can be added to your USB port for about $10.)  Because of the device's high sampling rate things are visible that are not detectable by other units and what you learn may surprise you. It can be used on any firearm where the area over the chamber is accessible and the operating rod won't hit the sensor. For more details go to http://www.shootingsoftware.com/pressure.htm.

I have worked with RSI on this units development and personally use it and it is VERY neat.  Unlike the old (and no longer available) Oehler M43 Ballistics Lab pressure unit which attempts to equate the pressures obtained in your gun to what would be obtained by firing that load in a SAAMI specification pressure barrel, PressureTrace gives the actual psi readings generated in your gun--a much more useful measurement.  The Oehler readings are higher in most cases than the actual pressures generated in the gun.  Oehler apparently included this quirk because their idea was to sell the units to commercial users who could then develop loading data traceable to SAAMI data for liability reasons.  While not inexpensive, this is the only only device available to the reloader that gives actual pressure measurement and really lets you see what is happening.  It is currently being used by numerous ammunition companies and laboratories world wide. This unit gets (5 Flippers) from Fr. Frog!   

If you want further information on any of these products you can contact Jim Ristow at:

Recreational Software, Inc.
info(at)shootingsoftware(dot)com
1-928-634-8028

While you can purchase the individual products, you can purchase the ShootingLab software, the CED II chronograph, and PressureTrace as a bundle
 which will save you money and you will have a complete ballistics laboratory the equal of many sophisticated commercial labs

Please tell him Fr. Frog referred you, especially if you order anything from him.
 (I don't get any kick-backs, he just wants to know who referred you.)

...And Here's A Freebie Simple G1 Ballistics Program!

Mr. Lewis Kenner has created a nifty ballistics program he calls Baltraj that he is sharing with the shooting community as "freeware." It is based on the G1 drag model used by commercial bullet manufacturers and it has a built-in and updateable/editable listing of current commercial rifle bullets and a nice interface. While it is only a "G1" program it compares very well with many of the expensive conventional commercial G1 programs and should do just fine for the basic needs of most folks new to exploring ballistics and who have the required Windows OS and the Microsoft Access database program.  

You must have MS Access 97 or MS Access 2000/2002 which are part of Office 97 Pro or Office 2000/2002 Pro to use this program. 

Originally, Baltraj which was developed using Access 97 would not run under Access 2000 due to differences in the required protocols.  However, thanks to Dave Schullery and Matt Diley, Baltraj97 was modified to run under Access 2000.  The latest version, version C-2002, supplied by Mr. Kenner now runs on Access 2000 & 2002.  It also contains some new code that matches the trajectories of the M193, M855, SS109, M80, and M118 GI bullets to actual data from Aberdeen Proving Ground.  The older Access97 version does not have the new BRL matching code.

If you you are currently running Windows 95 or 98 AND have Microsoft Access 97  installed on your PC, you can download this version  of the Baltraj program for Access 97 in zipped format (208k zip file), click here.

If you you are currently running Windows 95 or 98 (should also work with 2000 & XP) AND have Microsoft Access 2000/2002 installed on your PC, you can download the latest update of Version C of  the Baltraj2002 program for Access 2000/2002 in zipped format (434k zip file), click here.  

The new "C" version has the following additional features.

Note:  If you downloaded Baltraj 2002 prior to 2004-02-01 please redownload the program as there was a minor bug it the earlier version.

Additional Sources For Information On Shooting 

RSI Technical Information

For a really good source of additional information on various shooting related subjects point your browser to Jim Ristow's technical information site at:

http://www.shootingsoftware.com/tech.htm
(Opens a new browser window)

There is a wealth of information on all kinds of shooting related subjects on his pages. Among the article on his site are:

• Ballistic Coefficients & Ballistics Software - A little history and exterior ballistics theory and why you should calculate your own B.C.'s to get the most from software. Much of the information about external ballistics theory on my pages came from this article with Jim's kind permission..

• Load Density & Accuracy - Some interior ballistics theory applied to load density & how it can be used to select promising powder charges.

• Target Analysis - Various ways to measure targets and how they are best used using targets to diagnose load or mechanical problems.

• Scopes & Boresight Tricks - The proper way to mount scopes and how to get the most from an optical boresight.

• Sight Cant - Some things you "CANT" ignore.

• Moly Coating Technology - A great article by Parsec Engineering about Moly bullets, different types of moly, cause of caking, etc. 

• Chronograph Usage  - A short discussion about using a chronograph to identify "Velocity Nodes" for your rifle. 

Firearms Forensics

Forensics, or the study of firearms markings and residues is a subject that is of interest to many who study ballistics.  If you have an interest in the field of forensics check these out.

Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners - www.afte.org
FBI Firearms and Toolmarks Lab - www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/html/ftu1.htm
Forensic Firearms page of Dr. J. K. Sinha - http://www.geocities.com/j_ksinha/?200511
International Ammunition Association - www.cartridgecollectors.org
International Association for Identification -  www.theiai.org/
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (ATF) - http://www.nibin.gov/
Scott Doyle's Forensics - www.firearmsid.com
The Forensic Panel Letter - www.forensicpanel.com

OK. Now Let's Begin Our Study (Finally!)

The following pages will help to give you a basic education in the subject of ballistics.

There is a lot of information on these pages so take your time and browse them all, or print them out. (Landscape orientation works best.) Select the area you would like to learn more about. I strongly suggest reading them in order.

A NOTE ABOUT BALLISTIC INQUIRIES

I frequently get requests for a ballistics runs for a particular load.   I will be glad to do a single run for you but please note that you must supply the following data.

• Bullet brand, weight, and type or name

• Muzzle velocity.  (Unless you know this I can only guess from loading data and that can be off by quite a lot from the real world)

• Distance from center of bore to the center of your scope tube (or to the top of the front sight for iron sighted firearms)

• The distance you want for a zero. (If not supplied I will send data for the optimum zero for your load) based on a 6" diameter vital zone

If you want additional runs there will be a $2.00 fee per run for such work.

Email me by clicking here.

| Back to Modern Technique of the Rifle | Back to Fr. Frogs Home Page |

Updated 2009-11-20